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Grant support

BG and EZ have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 765579ConFlex. DP, CE and EZ have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement No. 694126-DyCon). The work of EZ has been supported by the Alexander von Humboldt-Professorship program, the Transregio 154 Project `Mathematical Modelling, Simulation and Optimization Using the Example of Gas Networks' of the German DFG, Grant MTM2017-92996-C2-1-R COSNET of MINECO (Spain) and by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under Award No. FA9550-18-1-0242.

Analysis of institutional authors

Esteve YagÜe, CarlosAuthorZuazua Iriondo, EnriqueAuthor

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March 7, 2022
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Article

Turnpike in Lipschitz-nonlinear optimal control

Publicated to:NONLINEARITY. 35 (4): 1652-1701 - 2022-04-07 35(4), DOI: 10.1088/1361-6544/ac4e61

Authors: Esteve-Yague, Carlos; Geshkovski, Borjan; Pighin, Dario; Zuazua, Enrique;

Affiliations

Fdn Deusto, Chair Computat Math, Av Univ 24, Bilbao 48007, Basque Country, Spain - Author
Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Chair Dynam Control & Numer, Alexander von Humboldt Professorship, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany - Author
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Matemat, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author

Abstract

We present a new proof of the turnpike property for nonlinear optimal control problems, when the running target is a steady control-state pair of the underlying system. Our strategy combines the construction of quasi-turnpike controls via controllability, and a bootstrap argument, and does not rely on analyzing the optimality system or linearization techniques. This in turn allows us to address several optimal control problems for finite-dimensional, control-affine systems with globally Lipschitz (possibly nonsmooth) nonlinearities, without any smallness conditions on the initial data or the running target. These results are motivated by applications in machine learning through deep residual neural networks, which may be fit within our setting. We show that our methodology is applicable to controlled PDEs as well, such as the semilinear wave and heat equation with a globally Lipschitz nonlinearity, once again without any smallness assumptions.

Keywords

34h0534h1593c1593c20ConstraintsDeep learningExact controllabilityHeat equationLong-timeNeural odesOptimal controlPropertyResnetsSensitivitySteady-stateTurnpike propertyWave equationWave-equation

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal NONLINEARITY due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Applied Mathematics. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 2.37. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.84 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 6.36 (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-06, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 4
  • Scopus: 7

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-06:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 2.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 2 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Germany.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (ESTEVE YAGÜE, CARLOS) and Last Author (ZUAZUA IRIONDO, ENRIQUE).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Geshkovski, B.