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Grant support

We acknowledge the support by the Basque Departamento de Educacion, UPV/EHU (Grant No. IT-756-13), Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO Grants No. FIS2016-75862-P, MAT2015-66888-C3-1R and FIS2015-67367-C2-1-P), Comunidad de Madrid (MAD2D-CM and Nanofrontmag) and Tomsk State University competitiveness improvement programme (project No. 8.1.01.2017). The support by the Saint Petersburg State University (Grant No. 15.61.202.2015) and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 18-32-00145) are also acknowledged. The part of photoemission measurements had been supported by Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 18-12-00062. IMDEA Nanociencia acknowledges support from the 'Severo Ochoa' Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (MINECO, Grant SEV-2016-0686). The calculations were performed in Donostia International Physics Center and in the Research park of St.Petersburg State University Computing Center (http://cc.spbu.ru).

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Lopez Vazquez De Parga, AmadeoAuthorCalleja, F.AuthorMiranda, R.Author

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Evidence of large spin-orbit coupling effects in quasi-free-standing graphene on Pb/Ir(111)

Publicated to:2D Materials. 5 (3): 035029- - 2018-07-01 5(3), DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/aac596

Authors: Otrokov, M M; Klimovskikh, I I; Calleja, F; Shikin, A M; Vilkov, O; Rybkin, A G; Estyunin, D; Muff, S; Dil, J H; Vazquez de Parga, A L; Miranda, R; Ochoa, H; Guinea, F; Cerda, J I; Chulkov, E V; Arnau, A

Affiliations

CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author
Ctr Mixto CSIC UPV EHU, Ctr Fis Mat CFM MPC, Donostia San Sebastian 20018, Basque Country, Spain - Author
Donostia Int Phys Ctr, Donostia San Sebastian 20018, Basque Country, Spain - Author
Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland - Author
Inst Madrileno Estudios Avanzados Nanociencia, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author
Paul Scherrer Inst, Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland - Author
St Petersburg State Univ, St Petersburg 198504, Russia - Author
Tomsk State Univ, Tomsk 634050, Russia - Author
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-28049 Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Autonoma Madrid, IFIMAC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Basque Country, Dept Fis Mat, Donostia San Sebastian 20080, Basque Country, Spain - Author
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA - Author
Univ Manchester, Dept Phys & Astron, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England - Author
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Abstract

A combined scanning tunneling microscopy, angle-and spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory study of graphene on Ir(1 1 1) intercalated with a well-ordered, full Pb monolayer is presented. Lead intercalation between graphene and Ir(1 1 1) reduces the coupling to the metallic substrate in such a way that its corrugation becomes negligible and distortions of the linear dispersion largely disappear, while graphene's sublattice symmetry is maintained and it turns out to be n-doped. Remarkably, the spin-orbit splittings induced by the proximity of the Ir(1 1 1) surface are preserved after Pb intercalation in a wide energy range. We further show that the Pb/ Ir(1 1 1) surface induces a complex spin texture with both in-plane and out-of-plane components. Our calculations reveal the origin of the out-of-plane spin components in graphene to trace back to the out-of-plane spin-polarized surface and resonance states of Ir(1 1 1), while the Pb interlayer on its own does not induce any vertical spin polarization in the carbon sheet. However, the Brillouin zone folding imposed by the rectangular symmetry of the intercalated Pb layer plays an instrumental role in the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) transfer to graphene, as well as in the linearization of its bands. Finally, since no sizeable gap is observed at the Dirac point, we suggest that an intrinsic (Kane and Mele type) SOC does not exceed the extrinsic (Rashba) SOC for graphene on Pb/Ir(1 1 1).

Keywords

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopyAugmented-wave methodDensity functional theoryElectronic structureFermionsGrapheneHgte quantum-wellsInduced gapIntercalated pb monolayerIntercalationPt(111)Scanning tunneling microscopySpin-orbit coupling

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Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal 2D Materials due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2018, it was in position 35/293, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Materials Science, Multidisciplinary.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.25. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.6 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 9.33 (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-29, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 37
  • Scopus: 45
  • Google Scholar: 47

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-29:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 42.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 42 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 2.85.
  • The number of mentions on the social network Facebook: 1 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 5 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Russia; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States of America.